The aim of present research in the first stage was to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using acid-acetone method and then nanoencapsulation of the pigment using maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating. In the next step, antioxidant and antibacterial ACTIVITIES of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin and the free form of the pigment was evaluated. In order to evaluate antibacterial activity of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus iniae, Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), Yersinia ruckeri, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes (Gram negative) were used. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin is significantly higher than the free form of pigment (p<0.05); In addition, this activity was improved by increasing the concentration of samples from 100 to 200 µg/ml (p<0.05). By astaxanthin nanoencapsulation, the diameter of non-growth zone of the studied bacteria increased (p<0.05), but minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the pigment and its carrier nanocapsules decreased (p<0.05). According to the results of zone of inhibition, Gram positive (except Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram negative bacteria were resistant up to concentrations of 60 and 80 µg/ml of samples, respectively. In the following, the MIC and MBC of the pigment (free and nanoencapsulated forms) for the seven bacteria ranged from 50 to 400 and 100 to 500 µg/ml, respectively. The results of evaluation the antioxidant and antibacterial ACTIVITIES of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin during storage period (30 days at 4ºC) indicated stability and no significant change of these properties (p>0.05). According to the values of diameter of non-growth zone, MIC and MBC, Listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive bacteria against astaxanthin and its carrier nanocapsules. Based on the findings, astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis has antioxidant and antibacterial ACTIVITIES, and these properties are improved by the pigment nanoencapsulation using maltodextrin-sodium caseinate coating.

Introduction: Hands are involved in the completion of different working ACTIVITIES. Hand ACTIVITIES are of particular importance in occupations where risk factors for occupational disorders, including musculoskeletal disorders, are commonplace among workers. This study aimed to examine hand ACTIVITIES and associated disorders. Methods: In this study, hand ACTIVITIES and methods for assessing hand ACTIVITIES were identified. The literature, journals, and websites pertaining to the assessment of hand ACTIVITIES were reviewed with a focus on ergonomic factors for human engineering. Harmful ACTIVITIES to the hands and specific evaluation methods were identified. Subsequently, hand disorders were assessed. Data were analyzed with SPSS.Results: Numerous tests and a checklist were used to evaluate manual ACTIVITIES. Hand disorders included osteoarthritis of hand joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, and finger joints. Other disorders comprised the tendinitis of the hand and finger muscles, as well as the flexor, extensor, and abductor muscles for fingers. Assessment results were satisfactory for the majority of workers.Conclusion: The best method for assessing hand activity should include both objective and subjective findings. The most effective method for preventing hand disorders is considering subjective complaints and objective findings. In this study, authos found the majority of workers exhibited acceptable assessment results.

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting intention of citizens toward participating in ACTIVITIES related to development and protection of green spaces in Tehran. The research was descriptive-correlation and survey method was used. The statistical population of this study consisted of all citizens in Tehran. Using proportional and stratified random sampling, 626 citizens were selected as research sample. Questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts from Tehran Municipality and faculty members of agricultural extension and education in Tarbiat Modares University. A pilot test was conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was estimated between 0.87-0.91. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Based on the research results, the intention for participation in protection and development of green space ACTIVITIES of 54.1 percent of the citizens were at a high level. There were significant differences between the different regions regarding the participation of the citizens. In this regard, the citizens of semi-marginal areas have more intention toward participating in green space protection. There were positive and significant relationship between number of received seedlings, number of reference for getting seedlings in recent years, citizens'' perception of green functions, awareness of the destructive factors of green space, attitude towards investment in developing green and education of citizens, and protection and development of green space. Stepwise regression analysis showed that four variables included attitude towards investment in development and conservation of green space, citizens'' perception of green functions, number of received seedlings and education are effective on intention toward participation.

This study has investigated the relations between academic achievement and three after-school homework, extracurricular ACTIVITIES and television viewing. Intelligence, achievement motivation, number of siblings, kind of school (private & public) were control variables and sex of students and their mother"s education were moderator variables. The sample included 121 grade 10 from mathematics-physics section. The subjects completed questions concerning their after-school ACTIVITIES and answered to the Hermans Achievement Motivation Questionniare and the Raven Intelligence Test. The students" final grades on mathematics were considered as dependent variable. Results revealed the significant effects of intelligence as a controling variable and mother"s education as a moderator variable: With controlling intelligence there was no relationship between academic achievement and after-school ACTIVITIES. Without consideration of this variable the amount of finished homework contributed significantly to the prediction of academic achievement. There was a meaningful curvilinear relationship between out of school extracurricular ACTIVITIES and academic achievement. Generally more amount of finished homework and out of school extracurricular ACTIVITIES were associated with better grades.